Gallery+Walk+for+Knee+Injuries+4th+Period

= **Virtual Gallery Walk for Knee Injuries** =

= Hamstring Strain =

==* ** Description of Anatomy involved **== ==The hamstring is a muscle group in the thigh on the posterior side. == The Primary function of the hamstring is to flex the knee (bringing the heel towards the buttocks) and hip extension which moves the leg to the rear. ==Signs & Symptoms == Some symptoms of a hamstring strain are a sudden sharp pain in the hamstring area after sprinting or high intensity movement, painful when stretching, and if the tear is really bad you may feel a gap in the muscle.
 * Primary function of anatomy involved **

The signs depend on how severe the injury to the hamstring is, and can be anywhere from a slight pain, to an immobilizing ache or throb. This is one of the signs, because if the person feels an intense amount of pain in the hamstring, they wont be able to bend their leg, resulting in a limp. Other signs can include swelling, and redness. Common symptoms felt may be experiencing  tightness in the posterior thigh. The injured athlete may be able to walk normally however, he or she will be aware of some discomfort. Swelling is typically minimal in cases that are less severe.

* MOI The most common cause of a hamstring strain is an imbalance between the quadricep muscles and the hamstring muscles or over-stretching and muscular overload. When the quads become too strong they may overpower the weaker hamstring muscles and put massive amounts of tension on them. Some mechanisms of injury are an overload of force on weaker hamstrings such as the start of a sprint, hurdle, or a sprinting sport such as football or rugby.

A test to see the proper flexion of the hamstring could be to have the patient trying to bend the knee against resistance, depending on the amount of pain they are in. A hamstring strain is often referred to as a tear in one or more of the hamstring muscles.

media type="youtube" key="6-5Ay-Z4Wsw?fs=1" height="385" width="640" media type="youtube" key="lbCWfgVYa-s?fs=1" height="385" width="640"

= Patellar Tendonisits =

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**Sign and Symptoms:**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Symptoms of pain, inflammation, and mild swelling either superior or inferior to the patella. Palpable tenderness and crepitus are often found over the inflamed tendon. The patient may complain of pain when stretching of the tendon and active or resisted knee extension. If it is a chronic condition, degeneration and scarring within the tendon can weaken its structure and increases harm to the patellar tendon rupture.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**Description of Anatomy Involved**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #555555; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The patellar tendon is where the pain is, which runs from the patella to the tibia <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**Primary function of anatomy involved**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> The patella connects the kneecap to the shin bone. The patella works with the quadriceps muscle and quadriceps tendon and allows the knee to straighten.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**Mechanism of Injury**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Usually repetitive minor injury on the knee cap or a sudden extreme blow. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Other activities that may cause Patellar Tendonitis are weight lifting (squats), running, basketball, volleyball, long jump, and leg extensions. Abnormal or poorly placed joints orb ones that causes stress to the the soft-tissue structures can cause also cause Patellar Tendonitis.



media type="youtube" key="N_TWsgc60U0?fs=1" height="385" width="640"

= = = = = Patellar Tendon Rupture =

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Anatomy involved:**

>> >> >>
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Patella
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Kneecap **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The patella protects the front of the knee joint **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Connected by tendons above and below **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Tibia
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Thick bone in the front of the lower leg or shin **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The tibia supports all of the body's weight below the knee joint **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Patellar Tendon
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Attaches the patella to the tibia **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Quadricep Muscle
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Quadricep Tendon
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Attaches the quadriceps muscle to the kneecap **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Femur
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 10pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Thighbone **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Articulates with hip joint above and knee joint below **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The femur and tibia form the major portion of the knee joint **

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Primary function of anatomy involved**

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The patellar tendon connects 2 bones together, the front of the tibia (shin bone) to the bottom of the patellar (kneecap) to form the tibial tuberosity. Both are attached to the quadrcieps tendon and muscle and this tibial tuberosity acts as a lever for the quadriceps muscles as they pull on the patella during contraction. The quadriceps muscles, quadriceps tendon, and patellar tendon straighten the knee joint. The patellar tendon also allows the knee to flex and extend, which accounts for basic function such as walking and running.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> A violent, rapid quadriceps contraction can rupture the midsubstance either of the infrapatellar or suprapatellar tendon. In addition, when the patella loses its “anchoring support” to the tibia, the patella tends to move towards the hip (superiorly) during a contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Without an intact patella tendon, the patient can not straighten the knee. Furthermore, a patella tendon rupture often times causes the knee to buckle and give way when the patient attempts to stand because the body can not hold the knee in an extension position (straight).

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**MOI:**


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The rupture of the patellar tendon is uncommon and usually occurs in long standing patellar tendon irritation.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Patellar tendon ruptures can occur in a healthy tendon as a result of an acute, single mechanism; however, more often the tear is precipitated by episodes of chronic tendinitis or inflammation that weaken the structure.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A direct blow to the kneecap or awkward twisting motions of a knee can knock the patella out of place- usually from a spontaneous injury with minimal trauma
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It also occurs because of a dynamic overload to extending the knee against resistance or a forceful eccentric contraction of the quad muscle.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Most common in patients under 40
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Signs & Symptoms:**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Signs:**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The patella appears to sit more superiorly with an infrapatellar tendon rupture and there is a palpable gap between the inferior pole of the patella and the tibial tuberosity
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Swelling of the knee
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Deformed/ abnormal surface at the bottom of the kneecap (usually appears as an indentation)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bruising
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tenderness
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discoloration/ecchymosis
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cramping
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A pop may also be felt and heard as the tendon ruptures

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Symptoms:**


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Inability to weight-bear
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Inability to straighten the knee or hold it in a straightened/extension position
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">At the time of injury the patient complains of immediate, severe pain and loss of active knee extension
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Difficulty walking due to the knee buckling or giving way

media type="youtube" key="4aBk62xb_M4?fs=1" height="385" width="480"

This video is valuable, although it is in a different language, because it shows the patient’s loss of extension and his inability to straighten his knee.

Patellar Dislocation
= = = =


 * ** Description of Anatomy involved **

=
The patella lies in the patellofemoral groove, which is located in between the femur and tibia. It also attaches to ligaments, such as the patellar, meniscus, and patellofemoral ligaments, and tendons, such as the tendon of the quadriceps femoris. Muscles surrounding the knee are the quadriceps muscles. ======


 * ** Primary function of anatomy involved **

=
The primary function of the patella is to act as a sesamoid bone for the quadriceps tendon, articulate with the patellar surface of the femur, and protect the quadriceps tendon as it moves across the knee joint. The function of the patellar tendon is to hold the knee cap in place. The meniscus acts as shock absorbers, lubricates the joint, and gives joint stability. The patellofemoral ligament helps resist lateral migration of the patella. Finally, the quadriceps main function is to straighten the leg. ======
 * ** MOI **

=
Patellar dislocations can happen in 2 different ways. One way is a direct or indirect blow to the kneecap, knocking the patella out of place. The second way is an awkward twisting motion of the knee. ======


 * ** Signs & Symptoms **

=
The most obvious sign of a patellar dislocation is the deformity. If your knee is bent, the patella will actually be toward the outside of your knee. Usually it will return to its normal place if you straighten the knee. However, sometimes deformity is not noticeable, especially if the patella dislocates and then returns back to its groove right away. There will also be some swelling. ======

=
You will usually have pain along the medial or anterior part of your knee, especially along the patella. They also complain that their knee will give out. This is where the damage to the tissues occurs. Your knee will swell up all around the patella, usually within the first few hours after injury. Popping or feelings of instability are also common with patellar dislocations. They are also tender along the medial border of the patella and soft tissue structures. ======



media type="youtube" key="i4PyMOGD7bI" width="425" height="350" = = = = = Apophysitis =

** Anatomy **
apophysis tibial tubercle Patellar tendon

Primary Function
Apophysis is a growth plate from the surface from a bone. The purpose is to act as attachment sites for tendons. The tibial tubercle is located at the top of the shinbone. The purpose is to give attachment to the patellar ligament. The patellar tendon is a tendon that extends from the quadriceps to the patella. The primary function of the patellar tendon is knee extension and to hold the kneecap over the joint.

MOI
The factors leading up to apophysis are muscle tightness, repetitive jumping, and running during the growing stages of adolescence can excessively traction the apophysis, leading inflammation, and partial avulsion.

Signs and Symptoms
anterior knee pain swelling and tenderness over the tibial tuberosity increased prominence of the tibial tuberosity.

Increased pain with knee extensions exercises, squatting, and kneeling.

media type="youtube" key="Yh6YekgJygs?fs=1" height="385" width="640" = = = = = Myositis Ossificans =

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**Anatomy Involved**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> If you have a bad muscle strain or contusion that is neglected then you could be unlucky enough to get Myositis Ossificans. It is usually the result of impact which causes damage to the sheath that surrounds a bone as well as to the muscle. Bone will grow within the muscle through a process known as calcification which is a very painful experience. The calcification may occur solely within the muscle belly or may appear as a bony stalk off the femur that extends into the muscle; the latter is typically more restrictive because it attaches the muscle to the bone.The bone will grow 2 to 4 weeks after the injury and become mature bone within 3 to 6 months.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**Primary Function of Anatomy Involved**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> The function of the Quadriceps is extension.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**Mechanism of Injury**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Myositis ossifican results from an unresolved hematoma in cases with large hematoma formation, repetitive insult, or continued use following the initial contusion. This commonly occurs in a quadriceps muscle contusion.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">__**Signs and Symptoms**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Signs and symptoms of myositis ossificans include a history of severe or repetitive insult to the quadriceps, pain, a palpable mass within the muscle belly, decreased knee flexion range, decreased quadriceps strength, and radiograph evidence within 3 to 4 weeks after injury. The list of signs and symptoms for Myositis ossificans includes the 14 symptoms: muscle weakness, rigid muscles, tendon weakness, rigid tendons, calcium deposits in muscles, movement pain, tenderness, skin swelling over calcified site, shortened digits, skeletal malformations, malformed fingers, malformed toes, limited joint movement, and skin swelling - over calcified site.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">



media type="youtube" key="tNxiofqO-rQ?fs=1" height="385" width="480" = = = = = Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome =

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__**Description of Anatom**y__

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The iliotibial band, commonly referred to as the IT band. The IT band resides at the outside of the thigh. It extends from the outside of the pelvis and goes on over the hip and knee and inserts just below the knee. The IT band is a tendinous extension of the fascia that covers the gluteus maximus and tensor fascial latae muscles proximally. The IT band’s origin is in the “outer lip of the anterior iliac crest, anterior border of the ilium, outer surface of anterior superior iliac spine.” The tensor fascia latae also inserts in between the two layers of the IT band around the middle ot upper thirds of the thigh. The femur, the tibia and the fibula are bones that are also relevant in this injury.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__Function of Anatomy__

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The tensor fascia latae steadies the pelvis on the head of the femur. It also steadies the condyles of the femur on the tibia, and helps the glutaeus maximus in supporting the knee when it extends. The tensor fascia latae is most useful in walking. Each femur supports its respective side of the body and provides support for the entire skeletal structure. It is essential in the movement of our legs as well. The tibia connects to the fibula and both are also necessary int eh movement of the legs.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__MOI__

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This syndrome is typically an overuse injury. It usually occurs in runners with a history of poor running techniques, inconstant surface running, downhill running, and running long distances without building up to it. Athletes that do not have a good stretching program are usually susceptible to this syndrome.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__Signs & Symptoms__

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">( <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[|__http://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/cybertherapist/front/knee/irunnersknee.html__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pain on the outside of the knee at/around the lateral epicondyle of the femur
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tightness in the iliotibial band
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pain aggravated by running, especially downhill
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pain during the flexion and extension of the knee, worsened by pressing over the sore area of the knee
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Weakness in hip abduction
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Possible tenderness in the gluteal area

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Video URL: Informative <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">media type="youtube" key="QKPtSrh8IMs?fs=1" height="385" width="480"

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Exercises for the syndrome:

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> media type="youtube" key="5RC7VH3bEB4?fs=1" height="385" width="480"

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Image URL: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">

= = = = = Lateral Collateral Ligament Sprain = · The lateral ligament or lateral collateral ligament (LCL) forms a connection between the femur (the thigh bone) and the head of the fibula, which is the outer bone of the lower leg. · Like the MCL, the LCL’s function is to keep the knee stable as it moves through the full arc of motion. It is a narrow strong cord of collagen fibres that serves to prevent the outer surfaces of the knee joint from opening or gapping.
 * Structures involved and functions**

The LCL (lateral collateral ligament), which is located on the outer part of the knee, is rarely injured. the MOI is a varus force applied to the medial aspect of the knee. The LCL is most vulnerable when the varus force occurs while the leg is adducted and the tibia medially rotated
 * MOI **

Signs and symptoms include pain, lateral knee swelling, ecchymosis, and point tenderness over the fibular collateral ligament. The athlete may hear or feel a pop with complete rupture and you will note varus instability with second- and third-degree injuries. The athlete experiences increased pain when the ligament is tensed during full knee flexion. - Mild tenderness on the outside of the knee over the ligament. - When the knee is bent to 30 degrees and force applied to the inside of the knee pain is felt
 * Signs & Symptoms **
 * Grade 1**

- tenderness on the outside of the knee on the lateral ligament. - swelling over the ligament. - When the knee is stressed there is pain and laxity in the joint,
 * Grade 2**

- This is a complete tear of the ligament**.** - Pain can vary and may be actually less than a grade 2 sprain. - When stressing the knee there is significant joint laxity. - unstable knee
 * Grade 3**

Treatment for an LCL sprain would be a hinged knee brace. The knee brace would have to properly protect the ligament and stabilize the area during physically demanding activities. If there is swelling, the athlete can treat the injury with rest, ice, compression, and elevation. Once the injury has healed, strengthening exercises are good for rehabilitation.
 * Treatment **

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